The Monarchy:
c. 753 B.C. Founding of Rome (April 21, 753)
The Republic:
c. 509 B.C. Republic established (Res Publica)
c. 509-350 B.C. Wars with surrounding tribes (Etruscans, Latins, Gauls, etc.)
c. 490-281 B.C. The Struggle of the Orders (Patricians vs. Plebeians)
c. 450 B.C. Law of the Twelve Tables
c. 390 B.C. Rome captured by the Gauls
c. 350-338 B.C. Rome subdues the Latin League
341-264 Rome’s conquest of Italy
341-280 B.C. The Samnite Wars
264-146 B.C. Rome’s conquest of the Mediterranean world
264-146 B.C. Wars with Carthage:
1st Punic War (Conquest of Sicily): 264-241 B.C.
2d Punic War (Hannabalic War): 218-202 B.C.
3rd Punic War (Carthage destroyed): 149-146 B.C.
200-146 B.C. Wars in the East:
1st Macedonian War: 215-206 B.C.
2d Macedonian War: 200-196 B.C.
War with Antiochus the Great of Syria: 191-188 B.C.
3rd Macedonian War: 171-167 B.C.
Achaean War (Corinth destroyed) 146 B.C.
133-31 B.C. The “Roman Revolution” (from Republic to Empire)
133-121 B.C. The Gracchi brothers attempt reforms - murdered
112-31 B.C. Foreign Wars of the Late Republic:
Jugurthine War (112-105 B.C.)
Cimbric Wars (113-101 B.C.)
Wars against Mithridates of Pontus (89-63 B.C.)
Caesar’s Conquest of Gaul (58-50 B.C.)
88-82 B.C. First Period of Civil Wars (Marius and Sulla)
49-45 B.C. Second Period of Civil Wars (Caesar and Pompey)
44 B.C. Caesar assassinated (March 15, 44 B.C.)
43-31 B.C. Third Period of Civil Wars (Octavian, Brutus, Antony)
31 B.C. Battle of Actium (Octavian defeats Antony) - end of Civil Wars
The Empire:27 B.C.-A.D. 68 The Julio-Claudian Emperors (Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero)
69 “Year of the Four Emperors” (Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian)
69-96 The Flavian Emperors (Vespasian, Titus, Domitian)
96-180 The “Five Good Emperors” (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius)
180-193 Commodus, Pertinax, Didius Julianus (Empire auctioned off by Praetorian Guard)
193-235 The Severan Dynasty (Septimius Severus, Caracalla, Severus Alexander)
235- c. 270 The "Time of Troubles"
Germanic tribes breach northern frontiers
Persians seize East (Zenobia of Palmyra)
Gaul breaks free into separate empire
Economy collapses.
270-275 Aurelian - “Restitutor orbis”
284-305 Diocletian and the “Tetrarchy” - Four co-emperors rule Empire
312-337 Constantine the Great reunites the Empire
330 Constantinople founded
376 Visigoths cross the Danube.
Battle of Adrianople - death of Emperor Valens (378)
378-395 Theodosius the Great - last ruler of united Empire
406 Germanic tribes invade the Western Empire
476 Last Roman emperor in the West deposed (Romulus Augustulus)
527-565 Justinian the Great
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|1453 The Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople
May 29, 1453 - Death of Constantine XI
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